长难句解析---用于解决语序障碍
# 长难句解析---用于解决语序障碍:
语序障碍: 在知道句子中词汇的情况下,进行对句子意思的正确表达。
# 1. 五大基本句型:
①:主+谓
例:I do
②:主+谓+宾
>有两种类型:
1. 主+动词+宾语
2. 主+动词+介词+宾语
③:主+谓+宾语1+宾语2
例:I will give you a book
④:主+谓+宾+宾补
例:you make me happy
⑤:主+谓(系动词)+表语
例:you are my angel
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# 2.简单句---只有一套主谓结构的句子:
# 1.定语---修饰名词成分
# 1.前置定语---在名词前出现
前置定语一般分为:
1. 形容词 adj
2. 动词ing形式 v-ing
3. 动词ed形式 v-ed
4. 名词 n
5. 代词
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# 2.后置定语---在名词后出现
后置定语一般分为:
1. 形容词短语
2. v-ing短语
3. v-ed短语
4. 不定式短语
5. 介词短语
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①:形容词短语:
结构:
- 被修饰的名词 + adj + 介词 + n
例:a book useful for the future.
②:v-ing短语:
结构:
- 被修饰的名词 + ving + n.
- 被修饰的名词 + ving + 介词 + n.
- 被修饰的名词 + 连词 + 句子.
例子: 1-> a monther holding a baby. 2-> a man walking on the road. 3-> the idea holding that animal has the right(权力).
③:v-ed短语:
结构:
- 被修饰的名词 + ved + n.
- 被修饰的名词 + ved + 介词 + n.
例子: 1-> the meeting held last month. 2-> a picture painted by jack.
④:不定式短语:
结构:
- 被修饰的名词 + to + do.
- 被修饰的名词 + to + do + n.
- 被修饰的名词 + to do + 其他.
例子: 1-> the way to go. 2-> a reason to lose sleep. 3-> the determination to make the dream a reality.
⑤:介词短语:
结构:
- 被修饰的名词 + 介词 + n.
例子: 1-> an aplle on the table.
# 2.同位语---对名词或句子进行补充说明:
若A,B都为名词
1. A ,B //B 对 A 进行补充说明
2. A - B
3. A or B
4. 句子 ,A //A 对句子进行补充说明
5. 句子 - A
6. 句子 or A
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例子: He , head of digital media at Christe's , think ~ 他是佳士得拍卖行的数字媒体主管,他认为~
# 3.状语---修饰动词或句子的成分:
注意:状语在句中的位置不固定。
可充当状语的成分:
- 副词 adv
- ving
- ved
- 不定式短语
- 介词短语
- 独立主格结构
# 1.状语结构: 被修饰的动词 + 介词 + 名词1 + 名词2
介词 + 名词1 -> 作为句子的状语 动词 + 名词2 -> 作为句子的动宾搭配(谓语,宾语)
例①: A few art collectors established in their respective communities the idea of the value art.
一些艺术收藏家建立艺术价值的想法在他们各自社区里。
例②: They maintain with a certain fildelity the principle of this school.
他们坚持这个学校的原则以忠诚的态度。
# 2.状语结构: 被修饰的动词 + 介词1 + 名词1 + 介词2 + 名词2 + 名词3
介词1 + 名词1 + 介词2 + 名词2 -> 作为句子的状语 动词 + 名词3 -> 作为句子的动宾搭配(谓语,宾语)
# 4.插入语---增加语言的多样性:
识别插入语:句子中两个逗号,之间的插入成分。
例子: ①:The enviromental problem , I think , is very importance. ②:The enviromental preservation is very importance , I argue.
# 3.非简单句---有多套主谓结构的句子,多个简单句的组合(分为从句与并列句):
非简单句 | ~ | 组成成分 |
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主从复合句 | 名词性从句 | 主语从句,同位语从句,宾语从句,表语从句 |
^ | 形容词性从句 | 定语从句 |
^ | 副词性从句 | 状语从句 |
并列句 | ~ | 由and ,or 相连 |
注意:
- 从句与主句之间必须由一个连接词进行引导。
- 连接词有that , which , who , when ,where ~ 等等。
- 名词性从句表示在句中充当名词的成分。
- 形容词性从句表示在句中充当形容词的成分
# 1.名词性从句 --- 主语从句 ---充当主语成分的从句:
结构:
- 连接词 + 句子 + 动词
- It be动词 + adj + 连接词 + 句子
- It + 不及物动词 + that
例①:Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. 例②:Whatever you did is right.
主语从句小结:
- 引导主语从句连接词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。
- 连词位于句首且不能省略。
# 2.名词性从句 --- 表语从句 ---充当表语成分的从句:
表语:用于说明主语的身份、性质和状态的。 结构:系动词 + 连接词 + 句子
例①: His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是,我们应该保持冷静。 例②: He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10 年前想成为的职业。 例③:The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是,他什么时候可以到达酒店。
# 3.名词性从句 --- 宾语从句 ---充当宾语成分的从句:
结构1: 动词 + 连接词 + 句子
例: I have learned that love , not time ,heals all wounds. 我一直觉得是爱而不是时间治愈所有的痛苦。
结构2: 动词 + 宾语 + 连接词 + 句子
例: Little Monster assured Ultraman that he had no intention of offending him. 小怪兽向奥特曼保证他不是故意冒犯的。
结构3 :介词 + 连接词 + 句子
结构4 : 动词 + it(形式宾语) + 宾补 + 连接词 + 句子
例: we must make it clear that the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution. 我们必须强调清楚,有关方面应该尽一切努力治理污染。
# 4.名词性从句 --- 同位语从句 ---充当说明修饰名词的成分:
结构:名词 + 连接词 + 句子
例: ①:I heard the news that our team had won. 我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 ②:I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这里。
# 5.形容词性从句 --- 定语从句 ---修饰名词,连接两个具有共同名词的句子:
结构:名词 + 连接词 + 句子
例:The dog that/which was lost has been found. 失踪的狗已经找到了。
①:as 可做引导词引导定语从句,多和such,the same 连用:
Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. 你描述的那一类人现在很少了。
②:介词+which/whom/whose从句:
The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch. 她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。
# 6.副词性从句 --- 状语从句 ---修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词:
结构:句子 + 连接词 + 句子
# 1. 时间状语从句:
常用连词: when , while,as,since,till,before,until~
例句: ①:As you look at yourself in a mirror,you’ll seen an identical image of yourself. ②:It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.
# 2.地点状语从句 --- 一般用where 或 wherever 连接:
①:I will stand where I can see the parade clearly. ②:Wherever they went,they were warmly welcomed.
# 3.条件状语从句 --- 一般用if ,unless :
①:I will not go to her party if she doesn’t invite me. ②:I will not go to her party unless she invites me.
# 4.原因状语从句 --- 一般用because,as,since,for,now,that~:
①:As the school regulations are written quite clearly,there is nothing more to be explained. ②:Considering that the sweater was hard made,it was not expensive.
# 5.让步状语从句 --- 一般用 even if,though,even though,however,whatever:
①:He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to. ②:Whatever the consequence may be,I will be on your side.
# 6.结果状语从句:
连接词:so that,so…that,such…that
①:He is so humorous that we’ll never forget him. ②:She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.
# 7.目的状语从句:
连接词:so that,in order that,for fear that,lest,in case
①:I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes. ②:Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arragements.
# 8.方式状语从句:
连接词:as,(just) as…so…,as if,as though.
①:Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。 ②:They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。
# 9.比较状语从句:
连接词:as,than,the more…the more
①:The more I see of him,the less I like him. 我越看他越讨厌。 ②:The universe is a lot more complicated than you think. 宇宙的结构比你想象的更复杂。
# 7.并列句;
并列连词:and,but,or,so 结构:句子 + 并列连词 + 句子
例:I like action movies but don't like thrillers.
# 4.非正常语序中的倒装与强调语句:
# 1.倒装:
# 1.部分倒装 ---助动词,情态动词,be动词置于主语前:
例: Hardly can we achieve this success.
# 2.完全倒转 ---通常把基本结构的: 主 谓 表 --> 表 谓 主:
例: 原句: a book is there. 倒装后: There is a book.
# 2.强调句:
- 陈述句的强调句型 It is/ was + 被强调部分+ that/ who(当强调主语指人)+ 其他部分。
例子 : It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
- 一般疑问句的强调句型 Is/ Was it + 被强调部分+ that/ who(当强调主语指人)+ 其他部分。
例子: Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
- 特殊疑问句的强调句型 被强调部分+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分
例子: When and where was it that you were born
- not … until … 句型的强调句 句型为:It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分
普通句:He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to be
# 5.对句子的处理方法--------★★★ 切分出来,独立成句:
- 若为五大基本句型----> 处理方法:直接翻译。
- 若为简单句-----> 处理方法:独立出来,调整为中文语序,在翻译。
- 若为从句 ----->
处理方法:- ①:找到连接词(切分点),若连接词前有介词,则在介词前切分出来,独立成句,翻译。
- ②:若无介词,则在连接词前切分出来,独立成句并翻译。
- 若为倒装句 ----> 处理方法:还原为正常语序。
- 若为强调句 ----> 处理方法:去掉强调结构,还原被强调部分。
# 1.步骤:
- 确定主干:
- ①:找到主句的主谓宾:
- 切分成分:
- ①:找到主句之外的其他成分(如:定语,状语~)。
- ②:对不同成分进行处理。
- 独立成句.
- 调整语序翻译.